rajatarangini was translated into persian byrajatarangini was translated into persian by

Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Answer. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Verse 13. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Answer. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Translation of " " into Persian . Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Verse 15. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Son of Partha. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. After his death, the queen committed. Son of Ajitapida. Check ' ' translations into Persian. After ruling indirectly and directly. . The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. All rights reserved. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. The Journal of Asian Studies Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Abstract. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Report Error As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Verse 7. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Total loading time: 0 It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). He erected a monument at. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Nephew of Didda. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Deposed by the minister Shura. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Updates? The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Among the renowned translations of the work in later years were those by Aurel Stein in 1900 and by Ranjit S. Pandit in 1935, the latter with a Foreword by Jawaharlal Nehru. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. He subdued several enemies. Rajatarangini . Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Jonaraja Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Son of Aksha. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. section. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Verse 14. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. No examples found, consider adding one please. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. They cannot be abusive or personal. Verse 15. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Made king by the minister Shura. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Gave lands to Brahmins. He stopped the killing of cows by means . She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. } Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. According to Kalhana, Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. [citation needed]. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Request Permissions. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. You can try more lenient search to get some results. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. ). It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. 23 February 2011. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the.

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