why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

[Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. It had to deal with Irish . Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Elizabeth I: a biography. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Mary was spared. Boston Spa, Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Manage Settings Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The conspirators including Babington were all. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? By instinct, Elizabeth was a Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Boston House, Those who refused this were sent to prison. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Register for free, Home / "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Boston House, Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. he could also overthrow her. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? West Yorkshire, Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Company Reg no: 04489574. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. West Yorkshire, A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Roman Catholics . The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. - rebelling of scottish lords. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Spouse: None. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. . In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Boston Spa, Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. 214 High Street, Company Reg no: 04489574. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Use your outline See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. This meant atholics did not think . Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Dedicated to. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. This increased tension between England and Spain. Europe. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. 214 High Street, They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. First English colony in Virginia established. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. 214 High Street, The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Spain and France were the major European powers. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Topic guides / During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. One was debt. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. From there we will look at the career . (*fragmentary*). LS23 6AD The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. LS23 6AD Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. VAT reg no 816865400. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. West Yorkshire, What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II.

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